· Load: Hertzian contact stress; allowable stress for ceramic (~3000-3500 MPa) higher than bearing steel (~2500–2800 MPa), use ISO 281 or ceramic-specific contact models.
· Speed: Centrifugal and gyroscopic moment calculations with ceramic correction factors give precise limiting speed.
· Life: ISO 281 includes a<sub>cer</sub> factor, or use hybrid bearing life model (accounting for higher elasticity modulus).
· Temperature: Thermal balance calculation reliable; include correction due to low thermal conductivity (temperature difference between inner ring and ball).
